Research

Media Studies AS + A2 by Jacquie Bennett, Published in 2005

Stereotypes - Pg 94
This page covers what the term stereotypes actually means;
I found it important to understand the terms and its meanings better as my independant study can relate to stereotypes of people from ethnic backgrounds.
I learnt that there are many different characteristics of stereotypes.Stereotypes are and have usually been used as terms to describe certain groups of people (black, white etc)
Stereotypes can be anything from people to actual things.
Groups which can be stereotyped are:Age, Sex, Race, Religion, Vocation, Nationality, Places and things.

Theorists to Consider - Pg 92/93
Propp = His attitudes and beliefs towards the usage of characters and certain character roles.
Levi Strauss = Binary oppositions - Islamic and Western
Rolande Barthes = Enigma codes, the way they are created and how they help the audience resolve the story.
Todorov's Narrative structures.

Gender Studies - Pg 108/109
Feminist Theory
The male Gaze = This links to another part in the book (relationship of women in film Pg 147) As women are used in a certain way to sell the films.
Gender as Performance
Gender As Lifestyle

Representation - Pg 30/31 8/9
The different types of way representation are affected.
This plays a major part to my independent study as i am talking about the representation on a whole and about representation of people from different backgrounds..

Page 230 - Say It Loud! : African-American Audiences, Media, and Identity (2002)
"The characters live in impoverished neighbourhoods where drugs and gang activity are a way of life. Many come from single-parent homes where the father is rarely visible."

"Page 44 – Black Cinema USA: Cinema Studies, The key concepts. Susan Hayward (2000)Introducing Film. Graham Roberts and Heather Wallis (2001)"Images of Blacks as pimps, junkies, dealers, thieves ran counter to the new images black men had of themselves.

Understanding Film Texts: Meaning and experience. Patrick Phillips (2000)
The television hand book by Patricia Holland (2000) page 120 : Todorov - an equilibrium is disrupted usually by a villain. The disruption is worked out and another dis-equilibrium is established, similar to the first, but never identical.(with reference to Fiske. J (1987) Television Culture)

Cinema Studies - The key concepts (2000) by Susan Hayward :
'In the majority of movies women occupy predominantly two positions: ‘bitch’, the wilful women ripe for being brought down, or ‘ho’, the sexually demanding and not easily satisfied woman.'

(communicationa, cultural and media studies/ page 216. The key concepts by John Hartley (2002)
Stereotypes always carry within their very representation an implicit narrative."